ومجمع العبدلي لماذا جاء وكيف انباع بما انك عامل حالك صادق وشفاف

A light rail system currently under construction in Addis Ababa promises to be a welcome addition to the morning commute in the Ethiopian capital, one of the world’s fastest growing metropolises where the population is currently expanding at an annual rate of 3.8%.

The light rail network is set to offer greater comfort and capacity to commuters in the capital, a city in which the main form of public transport is currently provided by an informal network of minibuses, endearingly referred to by locals as ‘blue donkeys’.

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واقع الحال أن مخطط ليب، كما نشرته مجلة «دير شبيغل» الألمانية المعروفة، يقلب مدينة موسكو رأسا على عقب، لأنه يحول سطوح المباني إلى شوارع ويفرغ الشوارع من السيارات. ويفترض النظام بالتالي تحويل حياة المدينة إلى السطوح وخصوصا كراجات السيارات، المخازن والسوبر ماركت، والمديريات..إلخ، وترك الطوابق الأرضية لسكن البشر. وتتحول الطوابق التي تقع مباشرة تحت السقف (أو الشارع) إلى كراجات يصل البشر إليها بمصاعد كبيرة لنق البشر والسيارات. ويطلق ليب على شوارعه المعلقة اسم «البيوت الشارعية» ويعتقد أنها ستختصر على سلطات موسكو نحو 15 مليون يورو يوميا، وهي كلفة الزحام الشارعي على الدولة. كما ستقلص الشوارع المعلقة استهلاك الوقود بنسبة 44%، ويمكن لسائقي السيارات أن يتنقلوا بدون أي عائق في شوارع المدينة وبسرعة 40ـ80 كم في الساعة.

ويخلص ليب مدنه المستقبلية من الزوايا والتقاطعات التي تسبب الاختناقات المرورية ويحول شوارعه وبيوته إلى أشكال هندية دائرية تضمن انسياب المرور دون توقف. ويتنقل الترام في المدينة على عدة مستويات وعلى سكك معلقة يصل إليها البشر بالمصاعد. والمهم هو أن مخطط ليب المستقبلي يخلص الشوارع المعلقة من شارات المرور والتقاطعات والساحات التي تسبب الاختناقات.

وحرص ليب على نيل براءة اختراع لنظامه البيئي المرافق لمخطط البيوت الشارعية. إذ زود المهندس شبكة الشوارع المعلقة بنظام لتنقية الجو من ثاني اوكسيد الكربون وذرات السخام. وتتولى ثغرات في الشوارع امتصاص الغازات والسخام المنطلقة من عوادم السيارات ويرشحها في وحدات خاصة تقع بين الشارع والكراجات التي تحتها. كما زود شوارعه بحواجز للصوت تضمن امتصاص 58% من ضجيج السيارات. وذكر ليب أنه درس مدن العالم الكبيرة مثل نيويورك وشيكاغو و طوكيو وشانغهاي طوال السنوات الأربع الماضية قبل أن يضع مخطط الشوارع المعلقة. وجاءته الفكرة بينما كان يراقب الزحام في شارع لينينغراد، ذي الـ14 خطا، في العاصمة التي يسكنها 12 مليون إنسان. ويعتقد المهندس أن مخطط الشوارع على سطوح المباني سيخفض أسعار العقارات والإيجارات في موسكو والتي تعتبر من أعلاها في أوروبا.

وحسب تصريح ليب فإن يوري لوجكوف، محافظ موسكو، أبدى اهتمامه بمخطط ليب منذ العام الماضي. وشكل لجنة خبراء التقت مع المهندس الألماني ومع مختصين من شركتي «سيمنز» و«كناوف» الألمانيتين بغية البحث في إمكانية تحقيق المشروع وكلفته. وعرض لوجكوف نتائج اتصالاته على البرلمان الروسي في فبراير الماضي وينتظر الآن إشارة الموافقة.

ووضع ليب مع الخبراء الروس مخططا لبناء وحدات بيوت شارعية تجريبية طولها 1.5 كم وعرضها 90 مترا. وأطلق المهندس على الوحدة اسم «الميل البافاري» ويتألف من بيوت شارعية ارتفاعها 5 طوابق. وأكد ليب أن مشروعه ليس مستقبليا «لأن من الممكن تحويل موسكو إلى مدينة هائلة مقلوبة»، شوارعها على السطوح، خلال 8 سنوات.

Theoretically, the primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible. In practice, zoning is used to prevent new development from interfering with existing residents or businesses and to preserve the "character" of a community. Zoning is commonly controlled by local governments such as counties or municipalities, though the nature of the zoning regime may be determined or limited by state or national planning authorities or through enabling legislation.[77] In Australia, land under the control of the Commonwealth (federal) government is not subject to state planning controls. The United States and other federal countries are similar. Zoning and urban planning in France and Germany are regulated by national or federal codes. In the case of Germany this code includes contents of zoning plans as well as the legal procedure.

Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial or industrial), the densities at which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings), the height of buildi process is known as a Sustainability Appraisal.

In most advanced urban or village planning models, local context is critical. In many, gardening and other outdoor activities assumes a central role in the daily life of citizens. Environmental planners focus now on smaller and larger systems of resource extraction and consumption, energy production, and waste disposal. A practice known as Arcology seeks to unify the fields of ecology and architecture, using principles of landscape architecture to achieve a harmonious environment for all living things. On a small scale, the eco-village theory has become popular, as it emphasizes a traditional 100–140 person scale for communities.[citation needed]

An urban planner can use a number of quantitative tools to forecast impacts of development on the environmental, including roadway air dispersion models to predict air quality impacts of urban highways and roadway noise models to predict noise pollution effects of urban highways. As early as the 1960s, noise pollution was addressed in the design of urban highways as well as noise barriers.[78] The Phase I Environmental Site Assessment can be an important tool to the urban planner by identifying early in the planning process any geographic areas or parcels which have toxic constraints. In addition, automated tools have been developed to enable planners to design renewable energy systems at the city scale such as the distribution of roof-mounted photovoltaic systems.[79][80][81][82]

Tall buildings in particular can have a substantial effect in channeling winds and shading large areas. The microclimate around the building will typically be assessed as part of the environmental impact assessment for the building. The placement and design of buildings may also be affected by the land on which they are placed. Soil and rock considerations such as depth to bedrock may influence the height of very tall structures, as in Manhattan, though there is less impact than previously supposed,[83] and geological conditions such as fault lines may affect building requirements

The mixed scanning model, developed by Etzioni, takes a similar, but slightly different approach. Etzioni (1968) suggested that organizations plan on two different levels: the tactical and the strategic. He posited that organizations could accomplish this by essentially scanning the environment on multiple levels and then choose different strategies and tactics to address what they found there. While Lindblom’s approach only operated on the functional level Etzioni argued, the mixed scanning approach would allow planning organizations to work on both the functional and more big-picture oriented levels.[105] Lane explains though, that this model does not do much more at improving public involvement since the planner or planning organization is still at its focus and since its goal is not necessarily to achieve consensus or reconcile differing points of view on a particular subject.

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, planners began to look for new approaches because as happened nearly a decade before, it was realized that the current models were not necessarily sufficient. As had happened before, a number of different models emerged. Lane (2005) notes that it is most useful to think of these model as emerging from a social transformation planning tradition as opposed to a social guidance one, so the emphasis is more bottom-up in nature than it is top-down.[101]

Transactive planning[edit]
Transactive planning was a radical break from previous models. Instead of considering public participation as method that would be used in addition to the normal training planning process, participation was a central goal. For the first time, the public was encouraged to take on an active role in the policy setting process, while the planner took on the role of a distributor of information and a feedback source.[101] Transactive planning focuses on interpersonal dialogue that develops ideas, which will be turned into action. One of the central goals is mutual learning where the planner gets more information on the community and citizens become more educated about planning issues.[106]

Advocacy planning[edit]
Advocacy planning is another radical departure from past theoretical models. This model takes the perspective that there are large inequalities in the political system and in the bargaining process between groups that result in large numbers of people unorganized and unrepresented in the process. It concerns itself with ensuring that all people are equally represented in the planning process by advocating for the interests of the underprivileged and seeking social change.[107][108] Again, public participation is a central tenet of this model. A plurality of public interests is assumed, and the role of planner is essentially the one as a facilitator who either advocates directly for underrepresented groups directly or encourages them to become part of the process.[101]

Bargaining model[edit]
The bargaining model views planning as the result of give and take on the part of a number of interests who are all involved in the process. It argues that this bargaining is the best way to conduct planning within the bounds of legal and political institutions. Like the advocacy model, this model recognizes that there are inherent inequalities in society, but it asserts that each group or individual in our unequal society has a chance to influence planning decisions, even if they are unable to dominate it or win the benefits that they are seeking.[109] The most interesting part of this theory of planning is that makes public participation the central dynamic in the decision-making process. Decisions are made first and foremost by the public, and the planner plays a more minor role.[101]

Communicative approach[edit]
The communicative approach to planning is perhaps the most difficult to explain. It focuses on using communication to help different interests in the process understand each other. The idea is that each individual will approach a conversation with his or her own subjective experience in mind and that from that conservation shared goals and possibilities will emerge. Again, participation plays a central role under this model. The model seeks to include as a broad range of voice to enhance the debate and negotiation that is supposed to form the core of actual plan making. In this model, participation is actually fundamental to the planning process happening. Without the involvement of concerned interests there is no planning.[101]

Looking at each of these models it becomes clear that participation is not only shaped by the public in a given area or by the attitude of the planning organization or planners that work for it. In fact, public participation is largely influenced by how planning is defined, how planning problems are defined, the kinds of knowledge that planners choose to employ and how the planning context is set.[101] Though some might argue that is too difficult to involve the public through transactive, advocacy, bargaining and communicative models because transportation is some ways more technical than other fields, it is important to note that transportation is perhaps unique among planning fields in that its systems depend on the interaction of a number of individuals and organizations.

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